Cho addresses two key questions in this comprehensive study of local people's congresses at both provincial and county levels. First, what kinds of roles did Chinese local legislatures actually perform in local politics, and to what degree? Second, how have Chinese local legislatures become main political forces, and what kinds of development strategies have they employed, along with the Chinese Communist Party and governments? Dismissing the outdated conclusion that Chinese local legislatures are nothing but "rubber stamps," Cho's in-depth research in Shanghai, Guangdong, and Tianjin areas proves that they have strengthened lawmaking and supervisory roles and thereby become important political forces in local politics. Moreover, these legislatures have employed very sophisticated development strategies targeting different objectives: getting the support of the party, cooperating with governments, and aggressively engaging in courts.