In this work, first published in 1960, James Riddick Partington provides a worldwide survey of the evolution of incendiary devices, Greek fire, and gunpowder. Greek fire, a composition Partington believes was made of a distilled petroleum fraction and other ingredients (but not saltpeter), was most famously used in the sieges of Constantinople and the Crusades. Partington moves from its antecedents - other incendiaries used in ancient warfare - to European gun powder recipe books and the history of infernal machines, mines, cannon, small arms, and artillery.