Many Nations Under Many Gods

The lands the United States claims sovereignty over by right of the Doctrine of Discovery are home to more than five hundred Indian nations, each with its own distinct culture, religion, language, and history. Yet these Indians, and federal Indian law, rarely factor into the decisions of the country's governing class--as recent battles over national monuments on tribal sites have made painfully clear. A much-needed intervention, Many Nations under Many Gods brings to light the invisible histories of several Indian nations, as well as their struggles to protect the integrity of sacred and cultural sites located on federal public lands.

Todd Allin Morman focuses on the history of Indian peoples engaging in consultation, a process mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act and the Indian Religious Freedom Act whenever a federal agency's proposed action will affect land of significance to indigenous peoples. To understand this process and its various outcomes first requires familiarity with the history and culture that make these sites significant to particular Indian nations. Morman provides this necessary context for various and changing indigenous perspectives in the legal process. He also examines consultation itself in a series of case studies, including Hopi efforts to preserve the sacred San Francisco Peaks in the Coconino National Forest from further encroachment by a ski resort, the Washoes' effort near Lake Tahoe to protect Cave Rock from an influx of rock climbers, the Forest Service's plan for the Blackfeet site Badger-Two Medicine, and religious freedom cases involving the Makahs, the Quechans, the Western Apaches, and the Standing Rock Sioux.

These cases illuminate the strengths and dangers inherent in the consultation process. They also illustrate the need, for Natives and non-Natives alike, to learn the history of North America in order understand the value of protecting the many cultural and sacred sites of its many indigenous peoples. Many Nations under Many Gods reveals--and works to meet--the urgency of this undertaking.

A much-needed intervention, Many Nations under Many Gods brings to light the invisible histories of several Indian nations, as well as their struggles to protect the integrity of sacred and cultural sites located on federal public lands.

Todd Allin Morman is an attorney at the Office of Reservation Attorney for the Lummi Nation, working in the child welfare section. He holds both a Ph.D. from the University of Missouri and a J.D. from the University of Montana.

"The case studies that Morman presents in Many Nations under Many Gods amply show Indian nations' efforts to protect indigenous sacred sites, bringing to life this important, topical, and controversial issue."--Blake A. Watson, author of Buying America from the Indians: Johnson v. McIntosh and the History of Native Land Rights

"Many Nations under Many Gods succeeds in bringing disparate cases, places, peoples, and eras together. Morman has done us a great favor by shining his unique analytical light on a topic that is both complicated and often overlooked."--Matthew S. Makley, author of Cave Rock: Climbers, Courts, and a Washoe Indian Sacred Place.

"By placing important cases involving tribal consultation in their historical and administrative context, Many Nations under Many Gods gives readers a fuller understanding of the uphill battle faced by Native nations seeking to protect important sacred sites, and of the role of tribal sovereignty in this effort."--Allison M. Dussias, Professor of Law, New England Law, Boston.