Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline, which aims to create fully operational biological systems from the smallest constituent particles possible such as DNA, proteins, and other organic molecules. It incorporates many different scientific techniques and approaches in molecular biology, genetics, RNA engineering, and omics technologies. These technologies have transformed the ability to reveal the biology of the cell and the molecular basis of the disease. Synthetic biology makes use of the process of DNA sequencing to determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. It can also be applied in the field of medicine for drug screening and discovery. This book outlines the unique aspects of synthetic biology, the molecular mechanisms used in this field and its role in the treatment of diseases. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. Researchers and students in the field of synthetic biology will be greatly assisted by this book.