The present reprint contains the articles published in the Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances in Business and Industry: Mathematical Analysis, Sustainability Assessment Instruments and Methods". The information included is highly valuable for all readers and has the power to attract academics, researchers, managers, leaders, and policymakers alike, due to the fact that it displays a wide range of aspects considered. Besides these, the details provided are extremely valuable in today's context, since the mathematical methods described create meaningful insights into the key dimensions of sustainability as well as sustainability assessment. The reprint promotes the paramount idea that mathematics is one of the most powerful tools that ought to be used in achieving sustainability, especially in the context in which mathematics is an integrated part of our lives, creating spectacular connections with everything surrounding us at every single step. Additionally, mathematics pervades a myriad of aspects coming from these days' reality, showing the importance of human resources and human resources management, finance for the environment, risk and risk management, business process management, entrepreneurial ecosystems, Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems, and not only these. The reprint has the immense power to offer a better and a more in-depth understanding of how mathematics can bring its inestimable contribution to sustainable progress and economic growth centered on the people, the communities, and the environment.