This comprehensive book provides a sociological and analytical exploration of the Naxalite movement in India, with a special focus on Odisha. It traces the historical roots, ideological foundations, and class-based mobilization strategies of the movement across its various phases. The study integrates field-level data, live case studies of both undertrial and surrendered Naxalites, and critically examines state responses including security operations and rehabilitation efforts. Employing Marxian and classical social movement theories, the book addresses issues of repression, violence, development, and political marginalization, while identifying research gaps. It offers an in-depth understanding of India's longest-running internal conflict.