Cancer is a multifaceted disease requiring a precise understanding of its classification, prognosis, and diagnostic advancements. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are critical for improving patient outcomes, with modern innovations in imaging, molecular testing, and artificial intelligence transforming oncology. This guide integrates fundamental oncology concepts with emerging technologies, offering a structured approach to cancer detection and treatment. By bridging traditional methodologies with groundbreaking advancements, it serves as a vital resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and students seeking an in-depth understanding of cancer management and the future of precision medicine.